P is for Poem

My name is Calypso And I have lived alone
I live on an island And I waken to the dawn
A long time ago I watched him struggle with the sea
I knew that he was drowning And I brought him into me
Now today Come morning light
He sails away
After one last night
I let him go

Calypso by Suzanne Vega, still telling tales of the hero Odysseus (800 BCE) in the 21st century.
The Sumerian love poem, “The Love Song for Shu-shin,” mentioned in L is for Library. Photo by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg).

The ancient poems that we know were written down, which dates them from @2100 BCE onward. Few people actually read them aside from the kings, priests, or scribes, since very few could read. The earliest poems we know were meant to be said aloud, told as stories. Surely, you can picture the poet–man or woman–standing in the firelight, weaving words of magic in front of an audience as it dozes from the wine and the heat of a Mesopotamian summer night. Perhaps the poet’s eyes gaze at something above the listeners’ heads, maybe at the sparks of firelight that dance above the dark and form shapes of heroes and heroines, of lovers and fighters, whose tales sink into the dreams of the drowsy.

Most of the poems written long ago lost the battle of centuries. Much of what we have are cobbled-together bits and pieces from tablets crumbled away or papyrus half-shredded. None of it was originally written in English. Whatever we have is filtered: patched back together, translated, missing bits filled in, with interpretative decisions about lines, rhyme schemes, word choice. We have to accept it as is.

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O is for Oncology

Offering to the Egyptian deity, Imhotep, god of medicine and architecture. Painting by Ernest Board, 1912.

There is no treatment…

From an Egyptian medical text @1600 BCE describing removal of breast cancer tumor.

As a disease of the cells, cancer is likely the oldest disease on Earth. Oncology is the study of cancer, of tumors specifically, since tumors are how cancer shouts Hey, I’m here! to the body. Cancerous tumors have been found on fossils, both dinosaurs and fish from earlier ages. As soon as there were cellular life forms, there must have been cancer.

Before I go any further, F#CK Cancer. Though it’s not really cancer’s fault, that’s just what it is. It’s part of the natural world, and Mother Nature makes the rules, not me. Even so, F#CK Cancer.

I don’t know any Egyptian swear words, so I can’t translate that into hieroglyphics for you. But the Egyptians knew about cancer, as did the ancient Greeks, Indians, and Chinese. Other than finding skeletons with tumors, what we know now about what they knew then comes from what they wrote. And what they wrote shows that this scourge of our modern health system has been a scourge since they put up stone towers and started figuring out how to make bread.

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N is for Numbers

Blackadder: Right Baldrick, let’s try again shall we? This is called adding. If I have two beans, and then I add two more beans, what do I have?
Baldrick: Some beans.
Blackadder: Yes… and no. Now try again. One, two, three, four. So how many are there?
Baldrick: Three.
Blackadder: What?
Baldrick: …and that one.
Blackadder: Three and that one.  Let’s try again shall we? I have two beans, then I add two more beans. What does that make?
Baldrick: A very small casserole.

Blackadder episode, “Head”
Student geometry problem in Babylonian cuneiform @1500 BCE. Photo by Rama in the Louvre.

Yes, dear readers, there will be math today. I know you can do it. I know you can run intellectual circles around Baldrick.

The definitive work on this topic is The History of Mathematics by Merzbach and Boyer, which is already in a Third Edition, even though not much has changed for the Egyptians and Sumerians, who used what we’d consider basic counting systems to construct giant pyramids. Mainly, Merzbach and Boyer have added a “Logic and Computing” and “Recent Trends” chapters at the end. Remember when Computer Science was about logic and not Belarussians creating algorithms to stuff your social media full of outrage porn? How quaint!

Anyway, I digress. Today, I want to describe how different cultures approached numbers–not specifically whether they were smart enough to figure out Fermat’s theorem or Poincare’s theory–but how we as humans figured out what Baldrick apparently couldn’t. Thinking about math is hard, but we’ll also see that there are harder and easier ways to do it.

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